A devoted and ideologically motivated force has obvious advantages in creating political stability and continuity. This was reinforced with the Bolsheviks victory in the Civil War, preventing both a further revolution and the return of the old order. Furthermore, the fact that it was the party under one ideology that governed the state, the party could assure smooth transition if the leader became incapacitated or died.
In fact, no matter how strong the leader at the top proved to be, the apparatus of the party could continue functioning even after his removal. Since one of the main aims of the Bolsheviks was the transformation of Russia and the SovietRepublics into industrialised, well functioning, socialist economic units, the one-party, one ideology system was a very suitable instrument for such a mission.
In the planned economy of the Soviet model, supreme political authorities act on behalf of the society and ensure that the society is provided with the goods and services it requires. The state pays the employees and at the same time sets the prices on the goods and makes sure that the balance is maintained — in effect the country acts as a big company.
First, it is easier to overcome a period of initial sacrifices and to continue reforming. This works well as the centralism has natural tendencies to create a command economy — creating a circular system that reinforces itself.
By , the pre-war production of the economy was accomplished. We must make good this distance in ten years. The underlying advantage of a one party, one ideology state is that it gave the Bolshevik a wide space for manoeuvring, which otherwise could not have been achieved.
These manoeuvres could be interpreted as deviations from ideological doctrine or deception of the masses, but on the operational level they were very useful for political survival, maintaining stability in the country, and for achieving progress in economic and social spheres.
Such manoeuvres can be observed throughout the s and s — some examples are: After the initial failure by the Bolsheviks to supply bread to the cities after the revolution they pursued nationalisation of land, the decision to withdrawal from the First World War was made despite heavy opposition from other socialist parties. It seems that many of the one-party, one-ideology advantages, with time, either turned into severe disadvantages or simply were not enough to prevent the system from sliding towards a cruel and inefficient regime.
The greatest loophole of the one party state and its greatest disadvantage is lack of checks and balances. Excesses and misuses of power were mainly directed towards the peasantry and only later targeted the rest of the population. Dekulakisation and forced collectivisation went hand in hand and were disastrous for the peasantry. Furthermore, the collectivisation was mismanaged and inefficient, and in remote areas like Kazakhstan was economically disastrous.
It can be said these excesses of power were possible only since the one-party, one-ideology system is vulnerable to malicious intention and lacks a balancing mechanism. Together with the above mentioned materials, the Allies sent to the Soviet Russia some technological lines and even fully equipped factories: 4 oil refineries, tire, tin-preserving, car-assembly plants, more than 1, mobile power stations, etc.
As for the transport system of the North this aid played a significant role as well. As the main point of this system was the Archangel port, the majority of the transport supplies came to it first of all. It was similar to Ru27,0 according to the official exchange rate or Ru,0 according to the exchange rate of the «black market».
By the end of the war 15 American port cranes «Starport- pick» and «Clyde», 13 railway cranes «Orton», and 7 caterpillars «Marion» and 8 «Lorain» were installed in the Archangel port. Alongside with the small cranes two British floating cranes «Empire Bard» and «Empire Elgar» which arrived in Archangel in had been working in Archangel and Murmansk till too. In the port had 6 trucks only, whilst in — trucks and jeeps. Many American and British trucks, locomotives and transport planes were also used at the Northern routes.
For instance, 2 of the 6 «Lancasters» of the Royal Air Force which were left in Archangel after the operation «Paravan» September were in use in the Arctic till the end of the s. Li-2 C , which was constructed under the American license as well as Cs themselves, were considered to be the best transport aircraft in the Russian Arctic till the s. The USSR had no such analogues at all. They were installed in 9 RGAE.
But at the same time some parts of the phone and radio facilities were left for the civilian needs as well. For example, most of the new trunk-line points which were arranged during the war period in Archangel county were fitted with the lend-lease equipment. In a new American watt radio station was installed in Archangel area instead of the old 1-watt one.
It made radio communication both more stable and long-range. As the majority of the Northern industrial enterprises like timber or paper mills as well as the machine-building factories which were servicing the main branch of the Northern industry were considered to function mostly for «the civilian purposes», they had received a very small part of the lend-lease supplies during the war. A dozen of lorries, tractors and cranes as well as some machine-tool benches made in USA or UK and sent according to the lend-lease act, were noticed at that time at Solombala machine building plant and Solombala craft mill, Arkhbum pulp and paper mill and some big sawmills of Archangel.
Even shipyards became an exception among the Northern industrial enterprises due to the extraordinary obstacles and pressing requests of their leaders. For instance, only after the diversion in March at the «Krasnaya Kuznitsa», which destroyed the main tool workshop of the plant, the shipyard received two dozens of the US machine benches, special tools, telephones and the ton hydro press, which is in use till now. Thanks to this aid the yard was repaid in a month and continued its normal functioning.
But they were of no less importance for the post-war development of the 11 RGAE. Mainly due to the usage of the foreign technological methods. It is well known that the Soviet torpedo boat of project Nr was copied from the American «Vosper» and «Elko». More than 10, American diesels supplied to the USSR played an important role in shipbuilding and transportation. The majority of the Soviet military motorboats constructed in — had the American «Packard» or «Hall Scott» motors.
As for the navigation facilities, which were supplied by the Allies, they were enough to provide the needs of the navigation service in the Caspian and Azov seas, for instance. It means that contribution to the victory of every Ally nation was mostly equal. The defense of the «Russian Front» by the Red Army in the global strategy of the coalition was quite equal to the contribution of the USA, Great Britain, Canada, as well as other 40 nations of the Allied coalition.
One more external factor, which was of significant importance for the process of the industrialization and modernization, were reparations. Their value for Russia could be compared with lend-lease supplies — approx.
But they were delivered after the war. So, during the war period the totalitarian system centralized itself in order to solve the main problems of the war. By the end of the war the country looked like a giant on feet of clay. This giant needed to lean on crutches. The first crutch the giant received from the Allies in the form of the lend-lease aid, the second one he took later on himself — in the form of reparations. Bogoljubov K. Chadaev Ya. Moskva Edlinsky S. Severnyj transportnyj flot v Velikoi Otechestvennoy voine Sovetskogo Soyuza, Edlinski S.
Morskoi transportnii flot v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine Sovetskogo Soyuza Istoriya Sotsialisticheskoi Economiki v 7-mi tomah. Tom 5. Krasavtsev L. Morskoi transport Evropeiskogo Severa Rossii Problemi razvitiya i modernizatsii.
Krivosheev G. Grif Sekretnosti Snyat. Statisticheskoye Issledovaniye. Narodnoye hozyaistvo Arkhangelskoi oblasti. Statisticheski sbornik. Ovsyankin Ye. Dissertatsiya na soiskaniye uchenoi stepeni kandidata istoricheskih nauk. RSFSR v tsifrah v godu. Kratkii statisticheski sbornik. Shitikov Je. Sovetsky entsiklopedicheski slovar. Sovetskiye Voorujenniye Sily.
Istoriya stroitelstva. Suprun M. Lend-lease i severniye konvoyi, gg. Severniye Konvoii: Issledovaniya, vospominaniya, dokumenty. In Pomorskaya encyclopedia, Vol. He is the author of over scientific works, including 14 books as well as the compiler, editor and author of the year- books "The Northern Convoys: studies, memoirs and documents" Moscow- Arkhangelsk, — and "The Forced Labor and the Political Exile in the North of Russia" SPtb -Arhangelsk , — Related Papers. Guernica Movie. Spanish-American war romance drama film directed by Koldo Serra, Drama film directed by the Spanish filmmaker Victor Erice, produced Colin colin.
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